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Neurochemistry is the study of chemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules such as psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides, that control and influence the physiology of the nervous system.

302 Results for the subject "Neurochemistry":

Validations of apomorphine-induced BOLD activation correlations in hemiparkinsonian rhesus macaques

Highlights•Apomorphine in hemiparkinsonian animals can evoke changes in functional MRI signals.•Cortico-basal ganglia activation correlates to behavior, neurochemistry, histology•Pharmacological MRI has potential to be biomarker for Parkinson's disease.

J.E. Quintero Publication date: 2019/01/01
Chapter 2 - Neurochemistry

No abstract

David M. Shaw Publication date: 1982/01/01
19 - Neurochemistry of the Olfactory Tubercle

No abstract

NEIL R. KRIEGER Publication date: 1981/01/01
Chapter 8 - Ocular Neurochemistry

No abstract

David R. Whikehart Publication date: 2003/01/01
Unit III - Neurochemistry II (Chapter 2, pages 25-43

No abstract

A.M.P. Kellam Publication date: 1982/01/01
Special issue: NoteArt, the visual imagination and neuroscience: The Chauvet Cave, Mona Lisa's smile and Michelangelo's terribilitá

AbstractThis paper considers several types of imagination relevant to art historical enquiry. These are exemplified in artistic expressions ranging from palaeolithic paintings in the Chauvet Cave, to drawings, sculptures and buildings designed by Michelangelo and drawings and paintings by Leonardo, and are related to recent neuroscientific discoveries. From this it emerges that important types of imagination cannot be understood without an appreciation of the neural processes that underlie them and especially without an acknowledgement of the importance of neurochemistry.

John Onians Publication date: 2018/08/01
Dietary carbohydrate and the nervous system

AbstractThe purpose of this review is to draw attention to the many effects of dietary carbohydrate on the nervous system. In addition to being dependent on glucose as its main energy source, the nervous system and many of its functions are influenced by the electrophysiologic and metabolic consequences of carbohydrate ingestion. The subject is discussed under the following topics; brain energy metabolism, brain links to glucose availability in the gut and liver, carbohydrates and brain neurochemistry, dietary sugars and brain neurochemistry, and carbohydrates and the sympathetic nervous system.

Edmund T.S. Li Publication date: 1987/12/01
Interactions between the mGluR2/3 agonist, LY379268, and cocaine on in vivo neurochemistry and behavior in squirrel monkeys

AbstractRecent evidence indicates that group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2 and mGluR3) may play a role in the pathology of cocaine addiction. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of the mGluR2/3 agonist, LY379268, on cocaine-induced changes in DA neurochemistry in nonhuman primates. Furthermore, the current study aimed to determine if changes in DA neurochemistry would correlate with LY379268-induced changes in the behavioral effects of cocaine. In vivo microdialysis was conducted in conscious squirrel monkeys (n = 4) in order to monitor cocaine-induced changes in extracellular DA in the caudate nucleus. Separate groups of subjects were trained on a fixed-interval schedule of stimulus termination (n = 4) or a second-order schedule of cocaine self-administration (n = 5) to characterize the behavioral-stimulant and reinforcing effects, respectively. LY379268 significantly attenuated cocaine-induced increases in DA. LY379268 also significantly Read more...

Rayna M. Bauzo Publication date: 2009/11/01
Highlights of selected recent electrochemical measurements in living systems

AbstractSince the early work carried out by Ralph Adams in the 1970s, electrochemistry has been established as a powerful analytical tool for neuroscience. In this review, we focus on some novel and innovative methods for the electrochemical analysis of biological samples reported during the last five years. Recent findings in the neurochemistry of Drosophila melanogaster, a new and simple animal model, are summarized. A wealth of technical improvements of the electrode materials or of the instrumentation has been used to achieve higher sensitivity or robustness, to detect new biologically relevant analytes or simply to offer new experimental possibilities. Electrochemical imaging of exocytosis, in vivo or in vitro at the single cell level, is also summarized here. Finally, new perspectives and emerging technologies are discussed.

Raphaël Trouillon Publication date: 2012/12/01
Decreased activities of thiamine diphosphatase in frontal and temporal cortex in Alzheimer's disease

AbstractThiamine diphosphatase (TDPase) activity was measured using a colorimetric assay in frontal and temporal cortex obtained at autopsy from eight patients with neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD) and from an equal number of control patients matched for age and autopsy delay interval, free from neurological or psychiatric disorders. TDPase activities were significantly reduced in frontal cortex (by 28%, P < 0.05) and temporal cortex (by 62%, P < 0.01) of AD patients. These findings add to a growing body of evidence of altered thiamine neurochemistry in AD. Given the previous reports of an association of TDPase with cholinergic nerve terminals, loss of TDPase activities could reflect loss of cholinergic neurons in frontal and temporal cortex in AD.

V.L. Raghavendra Rao Publication date: 1993/12/24
CommunicationEffets de l’exercice physique et de l’entraînement sur la neurochimie cérébrale. Conséquence comportementaleEffects of physical exercise and of training on cerebral neurochemistry. Behavioural consequences

RésuméL’exercice et l’entraînement physique agissent sur la neurochimie cérébrale. Leur action s’exerce de façon aiguë sur l’humeur dans les suites immédiates de l’exercice musculaire ou de façon chronique sous l’effet de l’entraînement. L’entraînement physique est significativement associé à la réduction des traits d’anxiété et à ses indicateurs physiologiques et peut réduire la prévalence de la dépression sur de grandes populations. Plus récemment, il a été montré qu’il pouvait améliorer les fonctions cognitives et plus particulièrement l’apprentissage et la mémoire. Les axes neurochimiques influencés par l’exercice musculaire sont l’axe sérotoninergique, les voies dopaminergiques et le métabolisme du GABA. Récemment, une action de l’exercice musculaire été mise en évidence sur les voies biochimiques de la neurogenèse.

C.-Y. Guezennec Publication date: 2008/12/01
Regular ArticleMicrowave Applications in Neuromorphology and Neurochemistry: Safety Precautions and Techniques☆

AbstractIn science, the introduction of a new method is never easy, not even if it concerns the use of a simple microwave oven. Most scientists do not realize the numerous applications of microwave techniques. This paper gives a broad overview of the application of microwave techniques in neuromorphology and neurochemistry, starting with a historical overview ranging from the introduction of microwave techniques as a scientific method in the 1970s to present. Organizations and publication rules are highlighted in the next part. The effect of microwave irradiation is discussed in two sections relating to microwave effects on the whole organism and on the neuron. The main body of the paper discusses the application of microwave techniques in the fields of neuromorphology and neuropathology. The paper then presents aspects of microwave irradiation as applied to ELISA techniques. In addition, cell fusion and cell reproduction under microwave irradiation are discussed.

Enrico Marani Publication date: 1998/06/01
Chapter 4 - Neurochemistry and Pharmacology of Sleep

AbstractIn the last several decades, there has been a substantial increase in the knowledge of the anatomy, electrophysiology, and neurochemistry of the neuronal networks that generate wakefulness, nonrapid eye movement, and rapid eye movement sleep. These neuronal networks interact to generate the sleep–wakefulness cycle. In addition, they are modulated by the circadian rhythm pacemaker that is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, determining that all diurnal animals (including humans) present their main waking period during daytime. Finally, several substances such as adenosine, melatonin, cytokines, nitric oxide, and endocannabinoids modulate this cycle.The knowledge of the neurochemical basis of these systems is critical to understanding the physiology of the sleep–wakefulness cycle, the pathophysiology of diseases that affect sleep, and to generate pharmacological approaches to treat them. In this chapter, we reviewed the crucial concepts of the neurochemical foundation of Read more...

Pablo Torterolo Publication date: 2019/01/01
WITHDRAWN: Effects of diabetes on the uterine adrenergic nerve function in pregnant rats. A superfusion study

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in Neurochemistry International, doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2005.10.001. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.

G. Falkay Publication date: 2007/06/30
Neurochemistry of myenteric plexus neurons of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) ileum

AbstractThe neurochemistry of enteric neurons differs among species of small laboratory rodents (guinea-pig, mouse, rat). In this study we characterized the phenotype of ileal myenteric plexus (MP) neuronal cells and fibers of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), a common rodent living in Europe and in Northern Asia which is also employed in prion experimental transmission studies. Six neuronal markers were tested: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), calbindin (CALB), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP), along with HuC/D as a pan-neuronal marker.Neurons expressing ChAT- and nNOS-immunoreactivity (IR) were 36 ± 12% and 24 ± 5%, respectively. Those expressing CGRP-, SP- and CALB-IR were 3 ± 3%, 21 ± 5% and 6 ± 2%, respectively. Therefore, bank vole MPs differ consistently from murine MPs in neurons expressing CGRP-, SP- and CALB-IR.These data may contribute to define the prion susceptibility of neuron cell populatio Read more...

J. Sadeghinezhad Publication date: 2013/12/01
Chapter Ten - Creating the Perfect Zombie

AbstractAs based on the philosophic construct of naturalism, AI is an attempt to logically structure in an artificial system the various primitive elements and their relationships that make up the world, in a way that parodies human functioning in the same construct. Current AI systems can function on a human or superhuman level within areas or domains with clearly circumscribed facts and rules. In the field of robotics, the limitations of parametrically controlled computer systems have become particularly obvious. The commonsense world in which humans live is a world based minimally on a formal theory of mind. Artificial neural net systems are being designed in an attempt to approximate human capacity for commonsense behaviors. The structured multilayer systems (zombie systems) are designed to function independently without requiring symbolic information-programming controls. The design, potential capacities, and limitations of the neuroanatomic zombie systems in current development a Read more...

J.F. Pagel Publication date: 2017/01/01
The Avian Song System: Relating Sex Differences in Behavior to Dimorphism in the Central Nervous System

Publisher SummaryMost bird species show sex differences in the pattern or frequency of vocalizations, and males either use unique vocalizations or use particular vocalizations more frequently than do females. This chapter discusses the canaries and zebra finches, because most of the neurobiological research to date has been done on these species. It also describes the steroid influences on behavior, neurochemistry, and neuroanatomy of these species and focuses on those aspects of the neurobiology of the song system that have been related to sex dimorphisms or hormone action. Any hormone action in a tissue is contingent on that tissue being able to detect the presence of the hormone. The song system appears to be characterized by steroid receptors and by particular neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. The distribution of these receptors and chemicals is very similar between the sexes, but their levels are often dimorphic. Testosterone can cause increased levels of androgen receptors, Read more...

Timothy DeVoogd Publication date: 1984/01/01
General obstetrics and gynecologyEffects of prenatal ethanol exposure on the hippocampal neurochemistry of albino rats at 90 days of postnatal age☆

AbstractOBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that prenatal ethanol exposure alters the hippocampal muscarinic cholinergic neurochemistry of albino rats.STUDY DESIGN: Ethanol was administered in a liquid diet to pregnant albino Sprague-Dawley rats. Liquid diet control animals received the same diet in which ethanol was replaced by an isocaloric amount of maltose-dextrin. Chow-fed control animals were fed laboratory chow as desired. Progeny were killed at 90 days of age, and their hippocampi were analyzed for muscarinic cholinergic receptors by use of tritiated quinuclidinyl benzilate.RESULTS: Prenatal ethanol exposure produced a statistically significant decrease in the number of muscarinic receptors in males. Similar trends were noted in females, but the results were not statistically significant.CONCLUSION: Prenatal ethanol treatment caused long-lasting alterations in the muscarinic cholinergic receptors of the hippocampus in male rats.

Asa C. Black Publication date: 1995/08/01
Principles of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology

A rational approach to postinjury pharmacologic treatment relies on the formation of theories and models. The limitations of the knowledge base must lead to the integration of basic scientific discoveries into clinical decision making, thereby increasing understanding of normal and pathologic states. This will lead to the development of more rationally based pharmacologic approaches to modify neurotransmitters and the neuromodulatory activity of damaged neuronal systems.

Elie Elovic Publication date: 1997/11/01
The Rett syndrome: Progress report on studies at the Kennedy institute

Clinical, biochemical and pathological studies in patients with the Rett syndrome (RS) are presented. The neuropatho-logical changes and alterations in neurotransmitter markers are particularly interesting and provide valuable information that may be helpful in understanding the behavior and neurological phenotype of RS.

Sakkubai Naidu Publication date: 1990/01/01
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